Disturbances in the dwarf galaxies of one of Earth’s closest galaxy clusters point to a different gravity theory.
Dwarf galaxies are small, faint galaxies found in or near larger galaxies or galaxy clusters. As a result, they may be impacted by the gravitational effects of their larger companions.
“We introduce an innovative way of testing the standard model based on how much dwarf galaxies are disturbed by gravitational tides’ from nearby larger galaxies,” said Elena Asencio, a Ph.D. student at the University of Bonn and the lead author of the story.
Tides happen when gravity from one body pulls on different parts of another body in different ways. These are similar to tides on Earth, which form when the moon exerts a stronger pull on the Earth’s side facing the moon.
The Fornax Cluster
is home to a large number of dwarf galaxies. According to recent observations, several of these dwarfs appear distorted, as if the cluster environment has perturbed them.
“Such perturbations in the Fornax dwarfs are not expected according to the Standard Model,” said Pavel Kroupa, Professor at the University of Bonn and Charles University in Prague. “This is because, according to the standard model, the dark matter halos of these dwarfs should partly shield them from tides raised by the cluster.”
The scientists looked at the dwarfs’ expected amount of disturbance, which is determined by their internal properties and distance from the gravitationally powerful cluster center. Large galaxies with low stellar masses, as well as galaxies near the cluster center, are more easily perturbed or destroyed. They compared the results to the amount of disturbance seen in images taken by the European Southern Observatory’s VLT Survey Telescope.
“The comparison showed that, if one wants to explain the observations in the standard model” – said Elena Asencio – “the Fornax dwarfs should already be destroyed by gravity from the cluster center even when the tides it raises on a dwarf are sixty-four times weaker than the dwarf’s own self-gravity.”
Not only is this counter-intuitive, she said, it also contradicts previous studies, which found that the external force needed to disturb a dwarf galaxy is about the same as the dwarf’s self-gravity.
Contradiction to the standard model
The authors concluded that the standard model cannot explain the observed morphologies of the Fornax dwarfs in a self-consistent manner. They ran the analysis again with Milgromian dynamics (MOND). Rather than assuming dark matter halos around galaxies, the MOND theory proposes a correction to Newtonian dynamics in which gravity is boosted in the regime of low accelerations.
“We were not sure that the dwarf galaxies would be able to survive the extreme environment of a galaxy cluster in MOND, due to the absence of protective dark matter halos in this model – admitted Dr. Indranil Banik from the University of St. Andrews – “but our results show a remarkable agreement between observations and the MOND expectations for the level of disturbance of the Fornax dwarfs.”
“It is exciting to see that the data we obtained with the VLT survey telescope allowed such a thorough test of cosmological models,” said Aku Venhola from the University of Oulu (Finland) and Steffen Mieske from the European Southern Observatory, co-authors of the study.
This isn’t the first time that a study looking at the effect of dark matter on the dynamics and evolution of galaxies has concluded that observations are better explained when they aren’t surrounded by dark matter. “The number of publications showing incompatibilities between observations and the dark matter paradigm just keeps increasing every year. It is time to start investing more resources into more promising theories,” said Pavel Kroupa, a member of the Transdisciplinary Research Areas “Modelling” and “Matter” at the University of Bonn.
Dr. Hongsheng Zhao from the University of St. Andrews added: “Our results have major implications for fundamental physics. We expect to find more disturbed dwarfs in other clusters, a prediction which other teams should verify.”
Reference: “The distribution and morphologies of Fornax Cluster dwarf galaxies suggest they lack dark matter” by Elena Asencio, Indranil Banik, Steffen Mieske, Aku Venhola, Pavel Kroupa and Hongsheng Zhao, 25 June 2022, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac1765
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