For the first time, astronomers witnessed a massive star explode in a fiery supernova — and the spectacle was even more explosive than the researchers had anticipated.
According to a new study published in the Astrophysical Journal, scientists began watching the doomed star, a red supergiant named SN 2020tlf and located about 120 million light-years from Earth, more than 100 days before its final, violent collapse. During that time, the researchers witnessed the star erupt with bright flashes of light as massive globs of gas exploded from its surface.
These pre-supernova fireworks surprised the researchers because earlier observations of red supergiants on the verge of exploding showed no signs of violent emissions, they said.
“This is a breakthrough in our understanding of what massive stars do moments before they die,” lead study author Wynn Jacobson-Galán, a research fellow at the University of California, Berkeley said in a statement. “For the first time, we watched a red supergiant star explode!”
When big stars go boom
In terms of volume, red supergiants are the largest stars in the universe, measuring hundreds or even thousands of times the radius of the sun. (Despite their bulk, red supergiants are not the brightest or most massive stars in the universe.)
These massive stars, like our sun, generate energy through nuclear fusion of elements in their cores. Red supergiants, on the other hand, can create much heavier elements than the hydrogen and helium that our sun burns. As supergiants burn more massive elements, their cores heat up and become more pressurized. Ultimately, by the time they start fusing iron and nickel, these stars run out of energy, their cores collapse and they eject their gassy outer atmospheres into space in a violent type II supernova explosion.
Scientists have spotted red supergiants
before they go supernova and analysed the aftermath of these cosmic explosions, but they have never witnessed the entire process in real time until now.
The new study’s authors began studying SN 2020tlf in the summer of 2020, when the star flashed with dazzling flashes of radiation, which they later interpreted as gas erupting off the star’s surface. The researchers tracked the irritable star for 130 days using two telescopes in Hawaii: the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy Pan-STARRS1 telescope and the W. M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea. Finally, at the conclusion of that time, the star exploded.
The researchers saw evidence of a dense cloud of gas encircling the star at the moment of its explosion — likely the same gas that the star emitted in the preceding months. This shows that massive explosions began long before the star’s core disintegrated in the fall of 2020.
“We’ve never confirmed such violent activity in a dying red supergiant star where we see it produce such a luminous emission, then collapse and combust, until now,” study co-author Raffaella Margutti, an astrophysicist at UC Berkeley, said in the statement.
According to the team’s findings, red supergiants suffer considerable changes in their interior structures, culminating in chaotic eruptions of gas in their final months before crashing.
READ MORE: Here’s What the Supergiant Star Betelgeuse Will Look Like When It Goes Supernova (video)
